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An autoclave is a steam sterilizer widely used in microbiology, medicine, and industries. Learn about its principle, parts, types, working procedure, applications, advantages, limitations, and safety precautions.
Hot Air Oven is a laboratory sterilization equipment based on dry heat. Learn its principle, parts, types, working steps, applications in microbiology, advantages, limitations, and safety precautions.
Learn about the major instruments used in microbiology labs, including their principles, working, and applications. Covers autoclave, microscope, centrifuge, spectrophotometer, incubator, pH meter, laminar hood, and more.
Ion Exchange Chromatography is a powerful separation technique based on charge differences of molecules. Learn the principle, types of exchangers, instrumentation, working steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of ion exchange chromatography.
Learn the difference between null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis with definitions, symbols, examples, importance, and applications in biology research.
A bioreactor is a specialized vessel used for biological reactions and fermentation processes. It provides a controlled environment where microorganisms, plant cells, or animal cells can grow and produce useful products like antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most powerful and widely used techniques in modern laboratories. It helps to separate, identify, and quantify different components of a mixture with high accuracy and efficiency.
A questionnaire is a structured set of questions designed to gather specific information from individuals or groups. It can be used in field surveys, experiments, population studies, and public opinion research. In biology-related research, questionnaires can be used to collect data on public awareness of conservation, health behaviors in communities, or local biodiversity knowledge.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is a highly precise analytical technique used to identify and measure the amount of chemicals present in a sample. It works by ionizing molecules and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
When an object moves in a circular path, two important forces come into play — centripetal force and centrifugal force. Centripetal force is a real force that pulls an object towards the center of its circular path. Centrifugal force is a fictitious (pseudo) force that seems to push an object outward, away from the center.