Data in Research Methodology – Definition, Types, Classification, and Examples

Data and Its Types in Research Methodology – Definition, Classification, and Examples

Data in Research is the foundation of every study. Without data, no analysis, interpretation, or conclusion can be made. Whether in biology, medicine, social sciences, or business research, data provides the evidence that supports or rejects a hypothesis.

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy, also called Vibrational Spectroscopy, is an analytical technique that studies the interaction of infrared radiation with matter.

NMR Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Working, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

NMR Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Working, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) is one of the most advanced and widely used analytical techniques in modern chemistry and biology.

Paper Chromatography – Definition, Principle, Types, Steps, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Paper Chromatography – Definition, Principle, Types, Steps, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Paper Chromatography (PC) is a form of planar chromatography where the separation takes place on a specialized filter paper. Learn its definition, principle, types, steps, Rf values, applications, advantages, and limitations in detail.

Gamma-ray Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Gamma-ray Spectroscopy – Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS) is a technique that measures the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by a radioactive sample. By analyzing this spectrum, scientists can identify and quantify specific isotopes present in the material.

Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC) – Definition, Principle, Types, Steps, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC) – Definition, Principle, Types, Steps, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC), also known as Size Exclusion Chromatography, is a separation technique used to isolate biomolecules based on size. Learn its principle, parts, steps, types, uses, advantages, and limitations in detail.

Types of Spectroscopy – Principles, Types, Steps, and Applications

Types of Spectroscopy – Principles, Types, Steps, and Applications

Spectroscopy is the study of how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation (light, X-rays, gamma rays, etc.). This interaction can involve absorption, emission, or scattering of radiation. By studying these processes, scientists can obtain valuable information about the composition, structure, and properties of substances.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) – Principle, Instrumentation, Working, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) – Principle, Instrumentation, Working, Applications, Advantages & Limitations

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR), is a powerful spectroscopic technique used to study materials with unpaired electrons.

Analytical Balance – Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Working, Applications, Advantages & Precautions

Analytical Balance – Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Working, Applications, Advantages & Precautions

An Analytical Balance is a highly sensitive laboratory instrument designed to measure the mass of substances with extreme accuracy. It is a Class II balance often referred to as a laboratory balance, capable of measuring solid, liquid, granular substances, or powders.

Independent and Dependent Variables in Research Methodology – Definition, Examples, and Key Differences

Independent and Dependent Variables in Research Methodology – Definition, Examples, and Key Differences

Learn the difference between independent and dependent variables with definitions, examples, types, and FAQs. Easy guide for students and biology research.