Complete Class 12 Biology notes on Human Health and Disease — bacterial, viral, protozoan & fungal diseases, malaria life cycle, immunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse. Free CBSE/NCERT revision guide with diagrams and FAQs.
Complete Evolution Class 12 Biology notes — origin of life, Darwin’s theory, evidences, adaptive radiation & Hardy-Weinberg, explained simply.
Complete Class 12 Biology notes on Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants — pollination, double fertilisation, embryo & seed development, with diagrams, tables, and exam-focused FAQs.
An Analytical Balance is a highly sensitive laboratory instrument designed to measure the mass of substances with extreme accuracy. It is a Class II balance often referred to as a laboratory balance, capable of measuring solid, liquid, granular substances, or powders.
Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs), also called biosafety cabinets or microbiological safety cabinets, are enclosed ventilated laboratory workspaces designed to protect personnel, samples, and the environment from biohazardous materials.
A laboratory water bath is one of the most essential and commonly used instruments in biology, chemistry, medical, and industrial laboratories. It is primarily used for incubating samples at a constant temperature over a long period of time.
A homogenizer is a very important laboratory and industrial instrument used for preparing uniform mixtures and suspensions. The term “homogenize” literally means “to make the same throughout.” In science, technology, and industries, many processes require samples to be broken down, mixed, or dispersed in such a way that every portion of the mixture has the same composition.
A colorimeter is a laboratory instrument used in colorimetry to measure how much light a solution absorbs or transmits. It helps determine the concentration of colored compounds in a solution by comparing it with a standard reference solution.
An ultracentrifuge is a highly advanced centrifuge that operates at extremely high speeds (60,000–150,000 rpm). It is used to separate very small biological and chemical molecules that cannot be separated by regular centrifuges.
A micropipette is a laboratory instrument designed to measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid (in microliters, µL) accurately and precisely. It is essential for experiments in molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences.