pH Meter – Principle, Parts, Working, Procedure, Types, Applications, Advantages & Precautions
A pH meter is a modern electronic device that measures hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and displays it directly as a pH value.
Biology notes
Laminar Flow Hood / Cabinet – Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Applications & Precautions
A Laminar Flow Hood (also called Laminar Flow Cabinet) is a special enclosed workstation designed to maintain a contamination-free environment in laboratories.
Hot Air Oven – Principle, Parts, Types, Working, Applications & Advantages
Hot Air Oven is a laboratory sterilization equipment based on dry heat. Learn its principle, parts, types, working steps, applications in microbiology, advantages, limitations, and safety precautions.
Instruments Used in Microbiology Laboratory – Principles, Uses, and Applications
Learn about the major instruments used in microbiology labs, including their principles, working, and applications. Covers autoclave, microscope, centrifuge, spectrophotometer, incubator, pH meter, laminar hood, and more.
Bioreactor – Principle, Design, Parts, Types, Applications, and Limitations
A bioreactor is a specialized vessel used for biological reactions and fermentation processes. It provides a controlled environment where microorganisms, plant cells, or animal cells can grow and produce useful products like antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels.
Pipettes – Principle, Types, Uses, Parts, Operation, Advantages & Precautions
Pipettes are laboratory instrument used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid with high accuracy. Pipettes are essential in biology, chemistry, medical research, food analysis, and biotechnology. They come in different types—glass, plastic, and electronic—and range in capacity from a few microliters (µL) to several milliliters (mL).