Mass Spectrometry (MS) is a highly precise analytical technique used to identify and measure the amount of chemicals present in a sample. It works by ionizing molecules and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
When an object moves in a circular path, two important forces come into play — centripetal force and centrifugal force. Centripetal force is a real force that pulls an object towards the center of its circular path. Centrifugal force is a fictitious (pseudo) force that seems to push an object outward, away from the center.
Pipettes are laboratory instrument used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid with high accuracy. Pipettes are essential in biology, chemistry, medical research, food analysis, and biotechnology. They come in different types—glass, plastic, and electronic—and range in capacity from a few microliters (µL) to several milliliters (mL).
A centrifuge is an essential piece of laboratory equipment used to separate mixtures of liquids, or solids suspended in liquids, based on differences in density. It operates by spinning samples at high speeds, creating a centrifugal force that pushes denser particles outward and lighter particles inward.
Learn the differences between primary data and secondary data in biology with definitions, examples, advantages, disadvantages, and research tips.
Adsorption chromatography is a type of liquid-solid or gas-solid chromatography where compounds are separated based on how strongly they bind (adsorb) to a solid surface.
Learn about affinity chromatography, its principle, components, procedure, types, applications, advantages, and limitations in biology and biotechnology.
Learn about chromatography, its principle, types, steps, and applications in biology, research, pharmaceuticals, food safety, and forensic science.
Learn about PCR machines (Thermal Cyclers), their principle, parts, steps, types, and real-world applications in research, medicine, forensics, and food safety.
Mycoplasma are the smallest known free-living organisms without a cell wall. They are unicellular, prokaryotic (Gram -ve), and independently replicating (i.e., they contain metabolic machinery to grow and multiply in the absence of other cells, thus showing autonomous growth).