PCR Machine – Principle, Steps, Types, and Applications
Learn about PCR machines (Thermal Cyclers), their principle, parts, steps, types, and real-world applications in research, medicine, forensics, and food safety.
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Mycoplasma: Structure, Habitat, Morphology, and Clinical Significance
Mycoplasma are the smallest known free-living organisms without a cell wall. They are unicellular, prokaryotic (Gram -ve), and independently replicating (i.e., they contain metabolic machinery to grow and multiply in the absence of other cells, thus showing autonomous growth).
Research Methodology: Data Processing and Analysis
Data processing and analysis involve summarizing and organizing collected data to answer research questions. It involves editing, coding, classification, and tabulation to convert raw data into meaningful information.
Research Methodology: Sampling Design and Data Collection
In Research Methodology, Sampling is a process in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population.
Research Methodology: Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics and Types of Research
Research is a continuous activity in most disciplines and professions. It helps in critical assessment of work, policy execution, and instruction.
Asterias: Structure, Diagram and Water Vascular System
Water Vascular System is a unique system of echinoderms which helps mainly in locomotion. It is in fact a modified part of coelom consisting of a system of canals containing sea water and amoeboid corpuscles.
Phylum Echinodermata: Definition, Characteristics, Classification and Examples
Phylum Echinodermata (Gr., echinos = hedgehog ; derma = skin) is a group of marine invertebrates characterized by radial symmetry, a calcareous endoskeleton, and a water vascular system used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration. Members of this phylum include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. They exhibit pentamerous symmetry in adults, have a unique regenerative ability, and possess tube feet for movement and adhesion. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and play essential roles in ocean ecosystems as predators, grazers, and sediment stabilizers.
Pila: Classification, Morphology, Torsion and Organs of Pallial Complex of Pila
Pila globosa is a common freshwater apple snail found in ponds, pools, tanks, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and sometimes even in streams and rivers of Northern India except Punjab. Pila is adapted to lead an amphibious life, it is provided with a pulmonary sac for aerial respiration and a gill or ctenidium for aquatic respiration.
Phylum Mollusca: Definition, Characteristics, Classification and Examples
Phylum Mollusca (L., mollis = soft) is a major group in the animal kingdom that includes soft-bodied invertebrates, often characterized by a calcareous shell, though not all members possess one. Molluscs exhibit a wide variety of body forms and habitats, ranging from marine to freshwater and terrestrial environments. Key features of this phylum include a muscular foot used for locomotion, a mantle that secretes the shell (if present), and a visceral mass housing the internal organs. The phylum includes diverse classes such as Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and mussels), Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids), and others. Molluscs play important ecological and economic roles, from maintaining marine ecosystems to serving as food for humans.
Phylum Onychophora | Peripatus: Diagram, Characteristics and Affinities
Peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda. Peripatus and related animals belong to the Phylum Onychophora, which was conventionally classified with arthropoda as one of its classes. But the modern classification has given to it the status of an independent phylum.