Mass Spectrometry – Principle, Steps, Instrumentation, Types & Applications

Mass Spectrometry – Principle, Steps, Instrumentation, Types & Applications

Mass Spectrometry (MS) is a highly precise analytical technique used to identify and measure the amount of chemicals present in a sample. It works by ionizing molecules and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).

Adsorption Chromatography – Principle, Types, Procedure, Applications & Advantages

Adsorption chromatography column showing stationary and mobile phases

Adsorption chromatography is a type of liquid-solid or gas-solid chromatography where compounds are separated based on how strongly they bind (adsorb) to a solid surface.

Affinity Chromatography – Principle, Components, Procedure, Applications & Advantages

Diagram of affinity chromatography showing ligand-target binding, Affinity chromatography column setup with matrix, ligand, and mobile phase

Learn about affinity chromatography, its principle, components, procedure, types, applications, advantages, and limitations in biology and biotechnology.

Chromatography – Principle, Types, Steps, Uses, and Advantages

Chromatography: Principle, Types, Steps, Applications & Advantages

Learn about chromatography, its principle, types, steps, and applications in biology, research, pharmaceuticals, food safety, and forensic science.

PCR Machine – Principle, Steps, Types, and Applications

PCR Machine – Principle, Steps, Types, and Applications

Learn about PCR machines (Thermal Cyclers), their principle, parts, steps, types, and real-world applications in research, medicine, forensics, and food safety.