Mycoplasma are the smallest known free-living organisms without a cell wall. They are unicellular, prokaryotic (Gram -ve), and independently replicating (i.e., they contain metabolic machinery to grow and multiply in the absence of other cells, thus showing autonomous growth).
Report writing is a systematic and well-organized presentation of facts and findings about an event or study. It explains something observed, heard, done, or investigated, often after an in-depth study.
Data processing and analysis involve summarizing and organizing collected data to answer research questions. It involves editing, coding, classification, and tabulation to convert raw data into meaningful information.
In Research Methodology, Sampling is a process in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population.
Research is a continuous activity in most disciplines and professions. It helps in critical assessment of work, policy execution, and instruction.
Water Vascular System is a unique system of echinoderms which helps mainly in locomotion. It is in fact a modified part of coelom consisting of a system of canals containing sea water and amoeboid corpuscles.
Actinomycetes are a group of prokaryotic unicellular and gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content in their DNA.
Phylum Echinodermata (Gr., echinos = hedgehog ; derma = skin) is a group of marine invertebrates characterized by radial symmetry, a calcareous endoskeleton, and a water vascular system used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration. Members of this phylum include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. They exhibit pentamerous symmetry in adults, have a unique regenerative ability, and possess tube feet for movement and adhesion. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and play essential roles in ocean ecosystems as predators, grazers, and sediment stabilizers.
The “pearl” is literally formed by the mantle epithelium which becomes deposited around any external body or particles; these external particles or body invade in between the shell and mantle in any way.
Pila globosa is a common freshwater apple snail found in ponds, pools, tanks, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and sometimes even in streams and rivers of Northern India except Punjab. Pila is adapted to lead an amphibious life, it is provided with a pulmonary sac for aerial respiration and a gill or ctenidium for aquatic respiration.